Understanding Oil Return Systems In Unitary Systems

Ed Keuper, a GEA colleague, has presented three (3) very informative postings concerning oil return in refrigeration systems. His emphasis was on chillers and other refrigeration systems that use flooded evaporators and depend on oil separators at compressor discharge as well as a means for returning lubricant from the system to the compressor sump. His key points are (1) that the compressor must always have enough lubricant in the sump and (2) oil must not be present in the heat exchangers, mainly the evaporator, to the extent that heat transfer is significantly degraded.

This sequence deals with direct expansion unitary systems that are designed to move lubricant around the system and back to the compressor sump by momentum, in the case of refrigerant gas transport (Suction and discharge), and solubility where refrigerant is in liquid form. Another way of stating the design objective for this type of refrigeration system is that if, say, 1 % (oil in refrigerant) of lubricant is discharged from the compressor during stable operation, that ratio must be present anywhere in the system at any given time so that the 1 % is safely returned to the sump. One can view this arrangement as two (2) fluid streams - oil and refrigerant - traveling side by side from the compressor, through the condenser and evaporator, and back to the compressor sump after reaching equilibrium.

This series is presented as an overview at best. Many details for piping design to provide oil entrainment and circulation and to prevent oil drainage into places while a system is dormant can be found in the 2010 ASHRAE Handbook of Refrigeration, Chapter 1 - Halocarbon Refrigeration Systems.

Equilibrium and Minimum Run Time

It is important that a system as discussed here - or any system for that matter - be allowed sufficient run time to approach equilibrium after startup. What is equilibrium and how long to reach it? If a compressor is started, transients will occur for a period of time before the lubricant and refrigerant streams settle to a constant, or near constant pace. To be certain that equilibrium is obtained, the very minimum run time after startup can be calculated by dividing the system refrigerant charge by the refrigerant flow rate. For example, if we have a system with refrigerant charge of 20 lb and a flow rate of 900 lb per hr (typical for 5 ton R22 system), the very minimum run time should be 20/900, or 0.022 hours (1.32 minutes). A safe minimum run time in this case might be 2 or 3 minutes. Minimum run time is usually determined by the unitary system manufacturer and programmed into the control system; but, if not, this is one way of calculating it. Run time is usually ensured by a timed on control or some space thermostats. Note that the time required will be system dependent. Most unitary systems apply scroll compressors. Run time information and many other subjects are treated in Copeland Bulletin AE4-1331 R3.

Maintaining an Adequate Lubricant Level

Copeland Bulletin AE4-1331 R3 covers the need to ensure that adequate lubricant always remains in the compressor sump. For instance, they recommend the addition of 1 oz oil for every five (5) lb of refrigerant over 20 lb of refrigerant charge.

A scroll compressor is equipped with about 65 oz lubricant charge. One can quickly calculate the lubricant residing in a system having, say, and 1% lubricant in refrigerant. If the system has 20 lb of refrigerant, the oil in continuous circulation (away from the compressor) would be 20*.01 = 0.2 lb, or 3.2 oz. A system charged with, say, 50 lb refrigerant would have 8 oz lubricant in circulation. This is a substantial portion of the oil charge (12.3%) that cannot be in the sump. Six (6) oz. additional oil, as recommended by the compressor manufacturer, is needed in the system. Note, too, that these calculations are for steady state operation. Many times during transient operation, the circulation rate can be higher, which emphasizes the need for sufficient run time after the compressor is started.

Minimum Velocities in Suction and Discharge Gas Risers

We have to accept the fact that pressure drop of any sort degrades performance. A good rule of thumb for a cooling cycle (looking at the compressor only) is that the compressor COP will drop 2.4% for every degree F drop in evaporating temperature and 1 1/2% for every degree F rise in condensing temperature. Designing tube sizes so that refrigerant velocities are adequate for oil entrainment in suction and discharge risers while minimizing the system efficiency penalties is a delicate balance.

Each low side component (evaporator and suction line) should have a maximum saturation drop of 2F. Each high side component (condenser/receiver and discharge line) should have a maximum of 2 F saturated temperature drop. The liquid line is not as critical as long as you have a liquid feed to the TXV (for subcooling).

Without going through detailed calculations, the industry has successfully applied some rules of thumb for velocities for decades. These rules are to use minimum refrigerant velocities of 1000 ft/minute for vertical vapor risers and 750 ft/minute for horizontal vapor lines. This requirement also applies to individual evaporator and condenser circuits that require the transport of gas vertically.

Vapor lines can pretty easily meet these criteria for single capacity systems. However, if a system is designed to provide more than one level of capacity, the designer must be certain that the required velocities are operative at the system's lowest capacity. This means, of course, that the system at full capacity might have to have velocities considerably higher than 1000 ft/minute. If a designer wants to be more precise so that multiple capacity systems can operate as efficiently as possible, refer to 2010 ASHRAE Handbook of Refrigeration, Chapter 1 - Halocarbon Refrigeration Systems.

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Local MBA Program VS Online MBA Course: What is Right for You?

Do you think you are better suited to a local MBA program? Or would you prefer to take an MBA course through the Internet? You can find legitimate opportunities to secure your MBA either way, but you have to seriously determine what will best fit your life. You have to keep all of these things in mind as you make this decision:

? Your Lifestyle
? Other Obligations & Responsibilities
? Available Finances
? Available Time

There are advantages and disadvantages to both options, so let's take a closer look.

Local MBA Programs

A local MBA program will be close enough to your home to travel and to and from on a daily or weekly basis for classes. Most institutions will offer a wide variety of program options, including full time and part time MBA course opportunities.

The advantage to this type of MBA course is you can participate in on campus activities and learn next to other students with the same career goals you have right now. You may also have direct access to professors or teachers for extra instruction or for questions after class.

The disadvantage to this type of MBA program is that you have to travel to and from the campus and will have to be present for each class at a set time every day or week. You will have to make sure that the class times fit well with your schedule so you can be there every time.

Local MBA courses are best for students who have a relatively open schedule and reliable transportation to and from the MBA program class site. If there are evening classes or other flexible time options, then this can be a great pick for parents and those with day jobs that they can't quit.

Online MBA Courses

An online MBA program will offer courses through the Internet to people all around the world. Lessons are presented through the computer so there is a lot more flexibility as to what time of day the work is completed. Since study is completed in your own home you don't have to worry about traveling to and from the MBA program class site.

The flexibility of an online MBA course is attractive to many people, but this is not the best form of study for every student. You have to be extremely disciplined to make sure that you do the required work every week or every day. There won't be scheduled class times or other students beside you to make sure you pay attention and stay on top of your studies.

It can also be difficult for some students to really focus at home, especially with a lot of distractions like children and pets. Students trying to study around an active working schedule can easily fall behind in studies without those dedicated class times that would be required with a local MBA program.

An online MBA course can be an excellent option for those with limited time to make it to local MBA class times. You just have to make sure you are disciplined and dedicated enough to stay on top of your studies on a daily and weekly basis. Once you fall behind it is very easy to find yourself flunking out of an online MBA course.

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Adult Education Can Open New Earning Opportunities

Sometimes people do not get a good education when they are young, and adult education classes can help them to achieve their goals, no matter what stage of life they are currently in. There are many reasons for not getting a high school diploma or learning computer skills when one is young, but that does not have to mean that the door is closed to them forever.

Adult education classes can often be attended in the work place. High schools and community learning centers also provide basic education classes. These classes can teach reading, writing, basic math skills, computer skills and many qualify for high school education credits. GED programs are especially popular, helping to remove a huge block from advancement at work.

A high school equivalency can offer new, better paying work opportunities for many adults. Adults can also learn other skills that will make them a valuable employee and qualify them for advancement in the work place. Many of these students go on to college and are able to earn an associates degree, bachelors degree or an even higher degree of learning.

Adult education classes can also be found online. Correspondence courses are available. If you prefer to learn in a classroom setting with an instructor, there are resources online to help you find a class that will be near and convenient for you to attend.

Most of these classes are held at night and on the weekends so that people who are working full time can still participate in them. If you work swing shifts or odd hours, you may be able to find morning classes or the online or correspondence courses might be a good option for you.

Whatever your reasons are for wanting to continue your education, remember that it is never too late. In five years, you will be five years older. But, you can be five years older and have accomplished your goals. If you do not pursue your goals, the time will still continue to come and go.

Many adults choose to get their education even if they have no intention of going back to work or climbing the latter at their current job. For many, it is a personal goal worth pursuing. Adults have advantages over students when it comes to education. Adults are doing it voluntarily, so they are much more motivated to learn. They have also acquired knowledge during their years of raising families, working and serving in the military. It is easy to build on this knowledge and meet your educational goals.

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How To Pass Exams

A young student was terrified that he would fail his exams. The more he thought about it, the more he was convinced that he was bound to fail and so, eventually, he went to see his lecturer for some advice. The lecturer asked him, "What seems to be the trouble?"

"I don't want to fail my exams."

"OK, but what is it you want?"

"I don't want to fail my exams."

"Yes, I understand that, but what do you want?"

The student was quite confused by this and so he thought for a while and then, rather questioningly, he repeated, "I don't want to fail my exams".

The lecturer took a long, slow deep breath. He looked him straight in the eye and said, "That's what you don't want. What I want to know is what you do want".

Gradually it dawned on the student what the lecturer meant and he said, "I want to pass my exams".

"And what do you need to do to pass your exams?"

"I need to study and work hard."

"And will you do that?"

"Yes."

"Then there is little for you to worry about, but if you are having difficulty with a specific subject, tell me and I will help you."

=========

Notice how this has turned everything completely around. At first the student was only concerned with what he didn't want. No doubt there were very many things that he didn't want (the list is probably endless), but failing his exams was the only one he was worrying about. The lecturer got him instead to focus on what he did want, and once he had done that the course of action was obvious. Yet while the student was focussed only on what he did not want, it was difficult - even impossible - for him to know what to do.

Many people live their lives like that; they constantly attempt to avoid what they don't want. They are motivated only by moving away from problems or fears. They bounce around aimlessly in a lifetime of worry and fear, only concerning themselves with how to protect themselves from this danger or that. In reality the dangers that they see everywhere don't exist and if they would only let their guard down, they would see it. A lot of people seem to always find something to worry about and if they can't find something then they invent things to worry about instead. I think that Mark Twain put it best when he said: "I've known a great many troubles, and most of them never happened." Most worries never do happen; and even if they do, they're usually not as bad as we imagined. It is clear that much of our worrying results from excessively thinking about our fears. Instead of wasting all that energy on worries and fears, why not put it to good effect instead?

Fear of failure will often bring with it paralysis and inaction because of that fear. Worse, the inaction will be in precisely the areas that you are afraid of, which are exactly the same places where you need to take action. In other words, fear of failure will probably bring you the failure that you are afraid of. To overcome the failure you fear, you must take positive action and as you do, the fear will fade.

So let's see how our student can be a bit more positive about his desire to pass his exams. As the lecturer pointed out, if he identifies weak areas in his knowledge, then the lecturer will help him to strengthen those areas. So the first thing is to identify his weak areas and his strong areas. He needs to know what he knows and to compare that to what he needs to know. That way he can work out a plan of action.

Many schools, perhaps most, imply that the only way to pass an exam is to know everything that there is to know about the subject. The idea is that if you know everything, then you can answer any question that you might get and so you are certain to pass. But then there is the saying, 'Jack of all trades, master of none'. If you attempt to learn everything in the time available, you will perhaps end up mediocre at everything. Wouldn't it be better to concentrate on some questions and therefore to know them really well? The only problem with this approach is the possibility that the areas you know well might not turn up in the exam. So what can you do?

When I was at college, I had the luxury of knowing that my lecturers were the people who set the questions. So during the year, I listened carefully to what they said. Most of them gave tips that might have been, "You should make sure you know this". They usually only said that once or twice while they were teaching the subject concerned and they would never say it again. When I heard that, I would make a note that there would be a question on that subject in the exam.

Even if the questions were set independently, you can still get a good idea of the likely questions if you can get hold of past exam papers. Get hold of as many as you can and analyse which questions came up and when. Look for patterns. If a question comes up every year, then you can be fairly certain that it will come up this year as well. If a question comes up every other year, then you can decide whether it will come up this year or not. In short, by analysing past exam papers you can get a very good idea of the likely questions that you will face when you take the exam. Use every piece of information available to you to determine which questions are likely to be in your exam paper and which ones will not. Of course there is no certainty, but you can determine the probability nevertheless.

Once you are as certain as you can be about the likely questions, start looking at your notes. Discard any notes on questions that you think are unlikely to be in the paper as well as any notes on any area where you think you are so weak that you would struggle to answer a question on it. What you are left with are those areas where a question is likely and you think you have a chance to get a good mark. Study those areas of your notes exclusively. Get someone to test you on them if you can.

As the exam draws near, make notes about your notes! Get a separate piece of paper and write down bullet points of the important items. By now, you should know the subject well enough so that you only need a reminder of a basic fact for you to be able to remember the whole subject. For example, in mathematics, I might write down a formula. So long as I knew the formula, I could answer the question. In history, I might write down salient dates, people and related facts. In this way, I got every subject down to a single side of one piece of paper. Instead of being overloaded with an endless amount of information, I only worked with what I needed to know. Keep your notes with you at all times and keep reading them. Take them to the exam with you. Don't use them to cheat because if you are caught you will fail. Just read them up until you go into the exam room. If they give you a piece of paper for notes, as soon as you can write notes about formulae or dates or whatever you need for the exam. Do not copy your notes, which should be hidden away by now. Write down only what you can remember and make it obvious that this is what you are doing.

Finally, in the exam itself you should be aware of how many marks you get for each question. Spend time at the beginning of the exam going through all of the questions. If you think you can't do a question, don't waste time attempting it. Work out where you can gain the most marks and do that first. Do the questions in whatever order will give you the most marks. Work out how long you can spend on each question and when you reach your time limit, stop and move on. If you continue, you are not gaining marks. Always work where you can get as many marks as possible in the shortest time. Do that and you will hugely increase the chances that you will pass the exam.

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Important Information About Bullying In Schools And How You Can Stop It

Bullying in schools has been a long time problem all over the world. Bullying has now become a major problem in schools and has severely affected the lives of many children. Bullying in schools can cause a child to live in fear. It is not surprising that a child who is being bullied will lose the desire to go to school. School becomes a place of torture for the child because of the bullies. In schools it must be stopped so that children can go to school happily without the constant fear of bullies.

This thing in schools has lead to more serious effects such as suicide. There have been incidents of children committing suicide after being tormented by school. This can take many forms other than physical bullying. There is also such a thing as verbal bullying. Bullies can spread vicious lies about your child which can cause your child to feel like an outcast in school. Bullying in schools commonly leads to depression. There are times when we do not recognize bullying when we see it. You need to be able to recognize that your child is a victim of bullying in schools to be able to do something about it.

If you are a teacher, talk to your students about bullying. Teach them about the bad effects by role playing. Have one child play and another child play the victim then have them switch roles. It is always best to teach by example This is to show a bully student of yours what it feels like to be bullied. They may learn to be more tolerant once they feel what it is like to be tormented.

Parents should be greatly involved in the effort to stop bullying. The values that we teach our children at home shape them as a person. Teach your children that each person is special and unique. Just because one of their classmates is different that does not make him weird. Teach your children to accept the uniqueness of each person. As a parent, you should also set a good example for your children. It is always best to teach by example. It not only happens to small kids. Some adults are also bullies among their peers. Your child may have learned it in school by watching you. Before you teach your child that bullying in schools is bad, make sure that you are not a bully yourself.

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The Modern World

The United States of America: The United States of America, after the Civil War, made tremendous progress in the field of science, technology, agriculture, industry, transport and communication. By the beginning of 19th century, The U.S.A emerged as a powerful and industrialized nation. The U.S.A entered the First World War after the British ship Lusitania was sunk by the Germans. The U.S.'s help was crucial for the victory of Britain and France. The 'Great Depression' which began in 1929, was a severe blow to its economic growth. The prices of commodities fell and income of people also decreased. In 1933, Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected as the president of the United States of America. He introduced the economic reform called "The New Deal". According to this policy, the industries reduced the number of working hours and increased the pay for workers, compensation was paid to the farmers and the unemployed. Within a decade, the U.S.A. once again emerged and became an economic power.

Russian Revolution 1917 and Soviet Union- Socialism: In the 19th century Russia was ruled by an absolute and autocratic emperor called the Czar. His regime was repressive and cruel. People had no rights. The condition of the peasantry was miserable. The feudal lords exploited the peasantry. The situation worsened when Russia was defeated by Japan in 1905. There were wider spread revolts in every part of Russia. The Czar suppressed the revolts. It was during this time that the Communist leader Lenin organized a band of revolutionaries. They were influenced by ideology of Karl Marx. Marx advocated the dictatorship of proletariat as a solution to all feudal problems. They set up revolutionary communities throughout Russia. They overthrew Czar's regime in 1917 and Russia became the Soviet Union. This is called the Great Russian Revolution. The government took over the land and all other means of production. Peasants and workers became government servants. It was dictatorship of a single party. Lenin who brought about the revolution was succeeded by Stalin in 1924. Through his year plans, Stalin expanded the industries. Stalin ended private farming and introduced collective farming. Stalin also developed military power and made the Soviet Union as powerful as the United States. During the Second World War, initially the Soviet union was on the side of Germany. When Hitler attacked the Soviet Union, the latter joined hands with England. Stalin became a leader of Allied Powers together with Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill. In the victory of the Allies, the Soviet Union played a major part. After the war the Soviet Union made rapid progress in scientific research and became a prosperous nation. It entered space research when it launched space satellite 'Sputnik' in 1957. It produced atom bombs and competed with the United States in arms race. But within four decades, after the end of the Second World War, the Soviet Union lost the great influence that it had in Eastern Europe. The rule behind the 'iron curtain' of the Soviet Union ended and today the Soviet Union is once again called Russia and it is a vibrant democracy.

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What Is Acrylic? What You NEED to Know About Acrylic Plastic!

The use of Acrylic Plastic is recognised by most manufacturers and retailers alike as an affordable and durable solution to using glass. It is strong, light and fantastically transparent. It has been used commercially since the early 1900s and remains one of the most commonly used plastics in the manufacturing industry.

Today though, companies are beginning to adapt to a more environmentally conscious society. Should we be asking the question 'What are the impacts of manufacturing acrylic products and is there a viable alternative with less of a eco-footprint?'

What exactly is acrylic?

Acrylic is basically a man-made plastic that is formed through the derivatives of acrylic acid. The most common form is 'polymethyl methacrylate', commonly known as Perspex. Like all plastics it is a 'Polymer', which means it is made up of many molecules linked together in a chain. The significance of this is that a polymer has entirely different properties to the parts that make it up. For acrylic plastics this means they can be:

Extremely Robust
Transparent
Resistant to Ultra Violent Light

Add to this the fact that they can be coloured, cut, moulded and drilled and it's easy to see why they have become essential in manufacturing a huge variety of products. From large-scale goods like; aeroplane windshields and aquarium fish tanks to small-scale products like keyrings and outdoor lighting - acrylic plastic is quite simply: perfect.

So What's the Problem?

When a plastic draws to the end of its useful life it is particularly problematic to dispose of. Although plastics can be remanufactured and recycled into new products - often it is dependent on local economic factors. Recycling is only feasible in certain societies due to high costs involved; burning plastics efficiently depends highly on the quality of incinerator and this means in many countries it's simply not an option. We are now faced with massive waste problems as a result of improper disposal of acrylic products.

Viable Alternatives?

Although there are still no real alternatives to acrylic plastic, there are improvements and significant funding going into developing 'Bio-Based Polymers'. Plastics such as Polylactide are made through processing energy with waste biomass and can be a very cost affective solution for eco conscious manufacturers. Unfortunately this is a plastic that is suitable for products like 'plastic cups' and 'textiles' rather than aeroplane windows. For now, we must at least use recycled acrylic wherever possible. Although not a perfect solution: it does at least prevent further raw materials from being taken from the earth, and for those of us living in Western Society recycling has been made simple - It just takes a little bit of effort.

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Tips on How to Keep Motorcycles Clean

The cleanest motorcycle is a motorcycle that is never ridden. Oil, fresh pavement, coolant and grime adhere to a seasoned motorcycle but a film of dirt will conceal leaking gaskets and weeping oil seals. A monthly washing will not only keep your paint's luster sharp it will help you discover any problems with your bike before they become problematic.

Motorcycles are tough and built to stand the abuses of bad weather and worse conditions but for your own good avoid spraying water on a few places. Gas tanks are vented to the atmosphere so that as fuel drains out there isn't low pressure left behind, which would eventually impede the flow of gas, known as vapor lock. For that reason avoid spraying water directly on or around the gas filler cap to avoid getting water in your gas tank. Radiators are known as heat exchangers because they dissipate hot engine coolant by exposing it to colder ambient air via aluminum fins. These fins are fragile and will bend if water is applied directly to them, which can cause your engine to run abnormally hot. If you need to clean your radiator use a pair of tweezers to pluck insects and other debris from the fins. Lastly, your motorcycle chain is coated in oil so blasting water on it will do little more then waste your time so do yourself a favor and give your chain a thorough cleaning when you are done cleaning the rest of the bike.

Before getting the bike wet check out the fork seals and look for traces of oil that would suggest the seals are weeping. Check the cylinder head(s) to make sure the valve cover gasket(s) haven't been compromised then give the engine a quick once over to look for any oil leaks. If you spot oil, look for the highest point where you can find a leak. Gravity will cause the oil to drip down and wind will scatter the oil all around, which can make diagnosing the leak's origin difficult. Start by watering the bike and scrubbing with a 50/50 mixture of Simple Green and water. Since motorcycles are exposed to the elements the lower portions of the bike will be dirtier then the upper portions, which are covered in large part by your body. Oil will drip down and road grim is kicked up, do yourself a favor and start washing the top of the bike and work your way down. When you get to the bottom of the bike break out an old toothbrush and clean the hard to reach areas on your rims, oil pan and bottom of your swing-arm. Spraying Windex on your mirrors, headlight, instrument panel, turn signals and windscreen will increase your ability to see and be seen. Finish off the bike by going for a test ride, making sure all of the electronics are still working properly and save yourself the hassle of drying the bike. The cleanest motorcycle is one that is never ridden, and the dirtiest motorcycle is one with the most miles. But the safest motorcycle is somewhere in between those extremes.

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Fields and Mentalities: Wars and Possible Collaboration

Different fields foster different mentalities, and frequently those mentalities are at war. Political science departments, that study the political culture of their country, are frequently at war with anthropology departments, that study other cultures. The economic departments, that study ways to advance people's economic utility, are frequently at war with the environmental studies departments, that study the ways to be less obtrusive to nature. Similarly there are disagreements among mathematicians and philosophers, who use pure logic, and engineers, who study ways to apply logic toward creation of machines, or marketing professionals, who study ways to convince the public of their usefulness.

In most cases these wars are a result of inadequate understanding. A political scientist would benefit vastly from understanding other cultures, as doing so would not only provide a historical framework for his discipline but also give him insight into the workings of his own country. An economist or an engineer would benefit vastly from understanding environmental science, as doing so would enhance his understanding of what economy and technology utilize and affect. Ultimately environmentally sound technologies are also the more economically viable ones; and vast economic gain can be effectuated by implementing high-technology clean energy solutions, that allow people to have what they have now and more while vastly reducing the destruction of nature and the burden on nature.

The biggest downfall of pure capitalism is its failure to include environmental costs. This results in an outcome that fails to disincentivize brainless short-sightedness, such as burning of rain forests to make room for ranch land that becomes useless in two years, and a failure to incentivize intelligence and foresight, such as technologies that maximize utility while minimizing environmental costs. There have been efforts done, within capitalist framework, to correct this downfall by Nature Conservancy, which purchases particularly rich lands to save them from logging and ranching; and there was, under Clinton administration, an emissions trading scheme, which worked wonders until Bush destroyed it by letting polluters purchase emissions credits themselves. Both took place at the suggestion of economists who understood the importance of there being a livable planet and worked within the framework of capitalism to address this economic necessity. And the economists who have accomplished this have far more to recommend their intelligence, principle and scientific achievement than anyone ever hired by Texas Oil.

There is distinction likewise between the people who hold opposition to different types of extra-scientific disciplines. The people who most attack Abrahamic religions are different in their character from people who most attack astrology and related pursuits. The first group is more freedom-seeking, and the second group is more dogmatic and impositional. This distinction is easy to overlook, but it is when members of the first group form close relationships with members of the second group that the difference really becomes apparent. The same is true likewise in relationships formed between mathematicians and engineers.

Outside the academia, a great war has been fought between the business world and the art world. And yet the vast chunk of what is known as the civilization is a result of the activities of both worlds. When business and art work together, the result is a legacy of embodied beauty: Beautiful buildings, beautiful machinery, beautiful films and theatric performances, that either the businessman or the artist working themselves would not be able to produce. The business world vitalizes humanity's productive potential; the art world, humanity's creative potential. When productive and creative come together, are produced works of beauty - works that adorn the planet and the civilization, that draw admiration and money, and that remain as testament to the ingenuity and greatness of their creators for time to come.

With private sector and public sector, wars are ongoing. Both the private sector and public sector exist by public demand: The first, in the marketplace; the second, at the poll booth. The public sector - in its manifestations of science, Interstate, Internet, education - has been a vast contributor to private sector prosperity; and without its contributions the economy would be a fraction of its current size. Similarly, private sector's taxed income is necessary for the public sector to do its job.

In human beings themselves, there is the ongoing conflict between the natural, physical, aspect and the intellectual, volitional, aspect: the first being part of nature and congruent with nature; the second being the place of deliberate choice. Many exponents of rationality have contempt for the natural aspect; this too is a result of inadequate cognition. People who have studied nature in depth develop respect for it as possessing workings more intricate than what they have themselves been able to devise. For this reason romantic attitudes are a natural completion and continuity of the rational ones. For complete existence people must have the right to, and conservancy with, both aspects - both the freedom to express them, enjoy them and add to them, and to make the same possible for others.

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The Memo Said: A Connection Between the SAT and AP US Government Has Been Discovered

Mmmmm....yeah. Did ya get that memo?

Oh. You mean the memo that says it's my year to take the SAT? Yeah. I got it. What about it? I have plenty of time to prep...

Does this internal conversation sound familiar? Then hold onto your hats and glasses 'cause here we go!

It's your senior year and you find yourself smack-dab in the middle of AP US Government. But the SAT doesn't have a US Government subject test, so why should you care? Why would you waste your time taking a class that won't help you?

Check this out. Like it or not, the SAT does have a writing component with multiple choice questions and an essay. The essay can be about anything; reading, studies, experiences, or observation. Then it clicks. Your teacher said something about 'living a democratic government in the classroom.' That would encompass all four possible components. You will read, study, experience, and observe for a whole year. Let's face it. In America, pretty much anything can be looked at through a political lens. Music moguls have their producer as their president. Pro athletes have their coach and the team's owner. Teachers have their principal. Doctors have their director. Kids have their mom.

AP US Government...take me away!

It's a few weeks into the course and something strikes you about the 1920s and today. In both eras, presidents have been (and continue to be?) elected because the voters liked their personalities and then the voters are (somehow) astounded that the politicians and administrations are corrupted and scandalous.

Here is what Clarence Darrow said in references to President Warren G. Harding (president March 1921 to August 1923): "When I was a boy, I was told that anybody could become president. Now I am beginning to believe it." That's harsh!

Kindly jump back to the connection between the SAT and AP US Government for the remainder of our time together. Refresh my memory. What were the four possible components? Reading, studies, experiences, or observation. Reading? Check. You do your homework and classwork. Studies? Yep. Covered by reading. Experiences? Let's see. You held an election in your classroom to vote for "vice president." (The teacher is, by default, president in this scenario. But you get the idea of the process...) There are judicial, legislative, and executive branches in your classroom democracy. You experience AP US Government every day. Observation? You observe in your family, on your school campus, and in your community how these branches function (albeit on a much smaller scale) on a daily basis.

Yep. All four components are covered. If the written portion of the SAT is about your family, your future, another country, your favorite kind of music or anything else you will be prepared. All areas of life include a version of a president and branch(es) of government. You'll be fine...

And don't forget to put a cover on your TPS report. Did ya get that memo?

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Training As A First Aid Instructor

While many people might understand the benefits of learning first aid, they might not realize that they could in fact become a first aid instructor with help of first aid instructor courses. Most people don't think about the reasons why they would need or desire to take these courses, but there are instances where people need to take first aid instructor courses, in order to teach others first aid. These instances might include organizations such as day care centers, churches, professional businesses, and a host of other entities. When a person has to take first aid instructor courses, they will essentially be taking a course that is meant to train the trainer. That is to say that after the student finishes training, they will use their training in order to train others in their organization, or in their community.

There are a couple ways that a person can take first aid instructor courses. The most popular way, is to go on site to the training center. There are many different organizations, both private and non-profit, that offer these type of instructor training courses. These costs money, but if the instructor is being sent by their company for example, they usually won't have to pay the fee, because the company or the entity that is sponsoring a first aid training student will pay for it. These companies will pay for a person to become a first aid instructor, because it's in their best interest to have someone who has been professionally trained, and is able to teach others first aid. It is also more time efficient for a company or an entity to send one person to be the instructor, so that they can come back to their organizations, and train others how to learn first aid for free. In other words, when a company or an entity pays the cost for one person to become a first aid instructor, that instructor can then train the others in the organization, at no fee to the company.

If a person or an organization finds that it wouldn't be advantageous to their time to send someone to the training program, then there are online resources that will train the instructor. How these work, is that the instructor student will either have to download the manuals, or the manuals will get sent to them in the mail, and they will follow the course like a correspondence course. These might cost a little bit less then if they were to train on site, because of course, they are training at home. If a person or company is looking for companies that offer off-site first aid instructor courses training, they simply need to do an Internet search.

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How to Create a Good Study Area

To study effectively you need to be able to concentrate and apply yourself to the task at hand without interruptions. Whether you are undergoing finance training, studying literature or working towards your end of year school exams, you need a good study area. To help your study you need to create an area that is all your own space and one where you won't be disrupted. You need to be able to work without distractions, so a separate room away from television and other family members is really important.

Choose your area

If you have your own bedroom you might want to use this as your study space, although you may not want to study in a room that you ordinarily use for rest and relaxation. If you share a bedroom with a sibling it is not a good idea to try to study in your bedroom as it would be too easy to be distracted. A room away from the television and other such interruptions is ideal. If you have a spare room, even an attic or garage space, you could convert an area to suit your needs. Make sure that the space can fit a desk, a chair and has connections for your computer and the internet.

Equipment

Before you begin you need to set up your study area with the right equipment. As well as a desk and a comfortable office chair you are likely to need a computer. Most homes have a personal computer but if you can't afford one you can rent the necessary equipment. Teachers and tutors tend to prefer assignments that are typed up neatly, rather than receiving hand written work that is hard to read. You will need pens, pencils, paper, a calculator and other stationary. Have everything on hand so you don't need to interrupt your study time by going and hunting for things you need.

Be consistent

Try to study at the same time each day as it will help you form a good study habit. Dividing your day into blocks of time can help you stick to the task as well. If you plan your week in advance, for example, by setting aside time for exercise, breaks for meals and the time of day that you are going to sit down and study. This way you won't feel tempted to get up and go do something else during your study time. If you need to do something else then you can add time for it within your weekly timetable. Perhaps hang your study timetable on the door of your study area so everyone else in the house knows when you shouldn't be interrupted.

Comfort

Make sure your study area is not too hot or cold, that you have plenty of room and that you actually like the space. If you work better with the radio on in the background then include this in your room. If you prefer fresh air then keep a window open. Having fresh flowers or a plant in the room could lighten your mood, or have a pin board with pictures and slogans of things that inspire you on the wall.

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Generational Differences - The Ease of It All

The differences that make up a society can cause tension between people for the reason that there are apparent and dynamic generational differences. Things can always come to a great close if we just learn to work together through the differences. Putting together specific groups can help make sure there are positive results forming from within.

There are many different ways to classify a generation; length of years is just one. The generation of veterans comes from between the years of 1900 and 1945; which were years that these types of people were greatly appreciated. Veterans from these years were considerably treasured and cherished greatly in their day. Many people from this era think that is high time for them to retire, but there are a few individuals that would beg to differ and still work.

Moving right along, many know the next generation at hand as the "shockwave" generation. While very different from the veteran point of view, the baby boomer generation believe in what they stood for and made sure everyone was aware of it. One trouble will bound for these generations if they do not learn the many lessons it takes to keep them working together and making sure they keep their subtle generational differences apart. You can find many ways to work together in order to achieve the same kind of result.

The next age group we come to, that have balanced their lives of society, are known as generation X. You can easily see that Generation X see a common goal in the future and works together to get there. Generation X was one to be respected and treated as equals among the business, not used through higher powers in companies. There were so many advancements throughout this generation that it had to learn how to keep up, but it was relatively simple in thought.

Born between 1981 and 2000, this generation developed the very positive name of the "Net Generation". All the information in the world is accessible to this high speed generation. With this generation, it is all about discovering new things and making things happen; which is why the veteran generation could give a hand to them. With all the wars and games that are being played with these past generations it is hard to know what exactly to expect from the new generations arising in the chaotic world.

Learning to accept the many qualities that each generation carries with it, is a good way to learn to be accepting to many different things. You can really create a new era in your company by bringing together different generation to complete a common goal. All generation are going to have to learn how to work together as a team because more and more generations are deciding to retire a lot later on in life that what most would do.

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Medical Assistant Certification: What Are the Benefits?

For those looking for something more rewarding in life, consider becoming a medical assistant. If you enjoy helping others and get a sense of accomplishment form it, this is the ideal solution. Medical assistant certification shows you are trained to work in a healthcare setting, often times a medical office, and shows you have what it takes to make a difference in someone's life one small step at a time. This is the beginning of a rather rewarding career for so many people interested in making their way in the medical field.

There is continuously an increasing demand for medical staff, especially for medical assistants. This can be in hospitals, medical offices, nursing homes, and more. Each one of these settings has a need for a medical assistant on staff, and the duties you are going to be doing can vary a lot depending on the locations you are going to be working in.

Once you have graduated high school, medical assistant training is next, and getting your medical assistant certification follows that. Keep in mind that this is going to be the start of a rewarding career in the medical field, and that you are going to have to put time and commitment into it just as with anything else. There are different ways to become trained and certified, and the only requirements to enrolling in training are a high school diploma, you must be over 18, and you need to have a TB skin test done.

You are going to learn an overabundance of skills and knowledge as a medical assistant and this can help you expand and be of value to many healthcare facilities. You are going to be valued more as someone who has no knowledge, and your chances of landing your dream job are more a reality than simple dreams. You are going to also make a decent living, and that is all based on the fact that you plan on being employed t one particular place for a while. While you may not make much when you just enter the field, over time you can expect to make a remarkable $40,000.

You are not going to be enrolled in classes for an extensive period of time either. This is good for those who do not have 2 years to dedicate to a degree program. You have the convenience of studying online as well, and for those who need to work at the same time as you study, this can be beneficial. In fact, more and more people are looking into distant learning to earn their medical assistant certification faster than you would at a traditional college.

If you are planning on furthering your education, medical assistant certification can help you discover new paths and open new doors for you. Many people find that they advance faster the more knowledge they have, and knowing you have worked your way to the top is something that many people find rewarding. Get started in a career that can change your life!

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LCD And DLP Projectors Are Versatile Teaching Resources

A Projector is a wondrous ICT resource that has always being a valuable contribution in education, government and corporate sectors for ages. Earlier, we used to have cumbersome video projectors which were difficult to carry from one place to another. But nowadays, the whole scenario has been changed; highly compact and portable LCD and DLP projectors are leading the market now. Moreover, Projectors enable the users to view uninterrupted high-definition content with an exceptional image quality and without any distortion.

LCD and DLP projectors have succeeded in bringing a revolutionary change in the entire Educational system. Today, classrooms, auditoriums and university are getting enriched with this incredible ICT resource. As a result, LCD and DLP projectors are turning out to be a versatile teaching aid.

Eventually, the demand for interactive multi-surface projectors is rising, especially in the educational sector. They carry immense flexibility to turn any flat surface into an interactive surface. Such Projectors can be brought into use simply by plugging them in and presenting without the need of a whiteboard or a screen.

Besides this, interactive multi-surface LCD and DLP Projectors offer some outstanding benefits and features to the teachers and presenters as well:-

Flexible To Operate
Interactive LCD and DLP projectors are exceptionally flexible to use. They can effectively project images and videos on large or flexible screen sizes. The best part is that they can be used without the need of a screen; as they are smartly designed to turn any flat surface into an interactive surface.

So Simple To Use
Portability and compactness of Multi-Surface LCD and DLP Projectors makes them simple and convenient to use. Such projectors can be easily retrofitted into existing projector installations.

Immensely Compatible
Interactive Projectors are immensely compatible as these can work virtually with all kind of interactive software. With high-definition Projectors, users can easily write on the screen, use mouse control or type text from an onscreen keyboard. Moreover, a user can also save notes and make edits for future use.

High Brightness and Vivid Contrast
Usually, 3D-ready Interactive Projectors carry impressive image quality, high brightness along with strikingly rich colors. The best part is that such projectors easily project images which are clear and true, even with ambient light.

Right from manipulation of text, data and images up to browsing the internet, LCD and DLP Projectors fulfill each and every need of the user instantly. They also help in moving from screen to screen without losing interactivity. Moreover, they don't need any installation as they are extremely portable and simple to use.

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What to Know About the Phlebotomy Test

There are many things that a person needs to know before taking the phlebotomy test. Before a person can take the test they need to take the required courses, and pass with a C or higher. The courses are offered at red cross locations and some community colleges. You will also need to fulfill the required about of clinical lab hours.

Many people have misconceptions about the phlebotomy test. Most people think all that needs to be done is show that they are able to successfully perform a blood withdrawal. Unfortunately it's not that easy. That's why you are required to fulfill clinical requirements to prove you are capable of blood withdrawal.

There are many books that can be purchased to help study for the phlebotomy test. There won't be anything on the test that was not covered in the phlebotomy course. The best way to study could be with a group of students that took the phlebotomy course with you. The materials given to you during the class will be useful in the studying process for the phlebotomy test.

To take the phlebotomy test a person needs to register and pay of the test online prior to taking it. A person can't just show up at a test site and expect to take the test. Once a person registers they will be given a few dates and times to choose from. Once you have chosen a date you need to keep it. If a person does not attend the test date and time they chose they will forfeit the money paid, and will have to pay for the test again.

On the day of the test a person will need to have photo identification otherwise the test will not be able to be taken on that day. No cell phones or other electronic devices are allowed in the testing centers. Calculators will be provided on the question that you are able to use them on. Cheating will result in failure of the test.

The test is conducted on a computer and will consist of multiply choice questions. The number of questions you will be asked depends on the questions that you answer right or not. If you answer a question wrong it is likely there will be a question of that sort asked again to assure you are aware of the material.

Upon completion of the test the grade will be given. If you received lower than a 75 you will be required to take the test again. To take the test again you will need to wait a certain time period depending on state requirements. You will also need to pay for the test again. The test is able to be taken as many times as needed.

Once you have completed the Phlebotomy test and passed it you will get your certification card in the mail a few weeks later. Once you received your certification card you will be able to show it to future employers at interviews as proof of your certification. You may still apply for phlebotomy jobs prior to taking the phlebotomy test but you will not be able to start the job if hired until completion of the test.

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Creative Studying Techniques Increase Grades and Interest: 3 - Using the Arts to Enhance Learning

If you think school, or a particular class is boring, then I challenge you to make it more interesting. Certainly if you were more interested you would pay more attention, spend more time studying and improve your performance. You would also be more interested if studying was not always the same routine and involved other ways of thinking and behaving than simply sitting and reading, or falling asleep over, a textbook. A creative studying technique that can help you increase grades and interest is to use the arts in class and in studying.

I'm sure you've heard that there are different types of learners. Some people are visual, some auditory and some kinesthetic learners. The arts offer many opportunities to explore these different modalities and to combine them into effective ways to learn.

For so-called 'creative' people, it is somewhat second nature to take an artistic approach to learning, but anyone can experiment with these ideas and through practice adapt these methods into regular studying and learning. Remember that the goal here is to improve your learning and increase your interest, NOT to create a masterpiece. To benefit from the following ideas you will have to move beyond thoughts like, "I can't draw / sing / write, etc." Again, this is not about becoming an artist, simply about engaging more of your brain, yourself and your interest in your studies.

Try the following techniques for using the arts to enhance learning. The common ground between the ideas is that they all require you to think a little differently about the material. Pretend that it is interesting enough to invest some thought in and it will become interesting.

I) Writing

A) Write stories about what you are learning.
1) Use actual people you are learning about as characters in a story.
2) Employ vocabulary words to describe the characters or as the characters.
3) Change things or parts of processes you are learning about into characters.

B) Use all of the above ideas but write an actual script and then act it out with classmates. Videotape your performance for further studying or perhaps extra credit.

C) Write limericks. Here is an example to remind you of the rhyme scheme.
Independence began in 1776
Concord farmers using fire sticks
They fought British oppression
With uncommon aggression
And occasional tea and tax tricks

Limericks often begin with:
There once was a man/woman from (some place).....

D) Give names to the elements, parts, or vocabulary of what you are learning.
1) Use rhymes.
2) Try to make the names funny, as humor makes them more memorable.

II) Visual arts

A) Draw pictures of what you are learning.
B) Watercolor over pictures you download from the internet.
C) Label pictures you find using different colors to signify different categories or functions.
D) Find what you are studying in paintings. Find paintings that represent what you are learning about.

III) Music

A) Find background music you think appropriate to certain pathways, processes, or events you've learned about.

B) Write music to accompany what is being studied.
1) Write songs to familiar tunes like the 12 Days of Christmas or some favorite pop tune.
2) Write original songs that assist with memorization or comprehension.
3) Along with a group of classmates, make music videos of your songs.

IV) Dance

A) Invent dances that mimic a process or pathway.

B) Invent dances that go with your songs making sure to think about how the movements you choose reflect on or teach the topic.

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American Citizens Live By The Six Goals Of The US Constitution

American Government is a required and key course for history majors. You cannot get a full grasp of the history of our country without the knowledge of the one element that unified the nation and established the government process that we honor today, the United States Constitution. In your American Government course, you will gain insight into the inner workings and goals of the U.S. Constitution.

There are six individual goals of the Constitution, the first being to form a more perfect union. During the time the country was governed by the Articles of Confederation, the states acted as independent nations, working autonomously and without collaboration. The framers of the Constitution wanted to unite the country, thus one of the goals was to bring them together in unison.

A second goal of the Constitution is to establish justice. This refers that the laws of the land must be applied fairy to all citizens, regardless of race, religion, gender, etc. Justice is maintained through the federal system of courts; they review a diverse collection of cases involving the Constitution and national laws. Without the national systems of courts, disputes about law interpretation would remain unsettled, and confusion and even injustice might result.

The national government must have the power to ensure domestic tranquility. This is the third goal of the Constitution - to give the national government certain powers that enable them to keep the peace. National agencies like the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the National Guard were established under the domestic tranquility objective; both of these entities can step in and help to protect life and property.

The framers of the Constitution realized the importance of having armed forces. Military powers help to prevent attacks by opposing nations as well as protect economic and political interests. Therefore, the fourth goal of the Constitution is to provide for the common defense. The President is the commander of the armed forces, and the different branches include the army, navy, air force, marine corps, and coastguard.

The Constitution gives the national government the means to promote the general welfare of all the people. This includes collecting taxes and setting aside monies that will benefit people and their specific needs. Some of the familiar ways the government promotes the general welfare of the people is by providing free public education, social security for retired or disabled persons, and grants for college education.

The sixth, and possibly the most important, goal of the Constitution is to secure the blessings of liberty. The major reason the colonists fought the American Revolution was for the protection of liberty, so it only makes sense that it would be a main goal of the Constitution. Liberty refers to the freedom to live an individual life, as long as laws are obeyed and the rights of others are respected. The Constitution ensures individual liberty through the Bill of Rights.

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Learning German Traditions and Culture Is Easier Through German Holidays

Like any other country, Germany also celebrates its own German holidays. In German language, the term holiday is called Feiertage which can be divided into holiday calendars and movable feasts. Holidays that are celebrated on a certain fixed day on calendars while the movable feasts or popularly known as bewegliche Feste don't have a particular date for celebration. Like any other country, the start of the calendar or January 1 is reserved for the celebration of Neujahr or New Year's Day in English. Other celebrations are spread throughout the year until Silvester or New Year's Eve is celebrated on the last evening of the year or December 31.

Since Germany is a religious country, most of the celebrations are generally connected to catholic and protestant holidays. For German families, the most important meal of the year is usually the Christmas dinner. The holiday tradition for Christmas dinner may vary from each family as well as each region but there is always one thing in common, and that is to celebrate with the whole family on Heiligabend or Christmas Eve. It is the most awaited among all German holidays of every children because they finally get to gather round the der Tannenbaum (Christmas tree) to receive their die Bescherung (Christmas presents).

For Germany's history, the most important holiday is the German Unity day. This is celebrated October 3 every year and is considered as public holiday. Most documentation would refer to this day as the commemoration or anniversary date of German reunification. It was first celebrated in the year 1990 at Berlin which is the Capital of Germany. This public holiday comes with a citizen's festival and a ceremonial act that is hosted by the German state. The location of the celebration changes yearly- it can be region in the east or any part of Germany. Usually a poster or an article will be released on which part of Germany it would be held.

Among all of the German holidays, perhaps the most famous all over the world is the Oktoberfest. This is because this is the holiday that greatly epitomizes the German culture. It will not come as a surprise on why many would want to join the festivities of Oktoberfest. With the joyous and festive celebration partnered with the most exquisite beer, sumptuous feasts and live music many tourists from all over the world pack their bags to join the fun. Although it's called Oktoberfest, this festivity is celebrated on the month of September and not October. Many would say that this is the best time for learning German tradition. But in reality all German holidays is the best time to get to know about the German culture.

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The Civil War Exile of the Roswell Mill Women

You all have probably heard of the Trail of Tears, when the Cherokee Indians were sent from North Carolina and Georgia to Oklahoma by force in the 1800's.

You may also know, especially if you are from the South, of the great devastation and death caused by the Civil War, and how people's homes were burned or they were forced out of them so that they could be occupied by the Union army.

But very few people know the story of another forced exile and a different kind of devastation caused by the Civil War in Roswell, Georgia and the former town of New Manchester.

In 1864, at least 400 and possibly as many as 700 mill workers, nearly all women, black and white and their children, were arrested as traitors and shipped North by force, and very few of them ever made their way back home. Those husbands and sons who made it through the war returned home to Roswell to find their families gone, and no way of knowing where.

It was July, and the Atlanta Campaign was in full swing, General Sherman burning and slashing his way to Atlanta and his March to the Sea. Seeking a way to cross the Chattahoochee, General Kenner Garrard began his twelve-day occupation of Roswell, which was completely undefended. Everyone except the mill-workers had fled the city. The mills, two cotton mills and a woolen mill, remained in operation, making cloth for uniforms and other military needs, like rope and canvas.

The day after Garrard arrived, he sent a message to Sherman that he had discovered the mills and was in the process of destroying them. Sherman messaged back that the destruction of the mills met his "entire approval." He then added,

"I repeat my orders that you arrest all people, male and female, connected with those factories, no matter what the clamor, and let them foot it, under guard, to Marietta, whence I will send them by [railroad] cars, to the North. THE POOR WOMEN WILL MAKE A HOWL...Let them [the women] take along their children and clothing, providing they have a means of hauling or you can spare them."

Then, a day later, he added, "Whenever the people are in the way, ship them to a new country north and west."

The women and a few men who were too old or too young too fight and all the children were rounded up and marched, under guard, the ten or so miles to Marietta and brought to the abandoned Georgia Military Institute. Along the way, Garrard added more people who seemed to be "in the way."

General George H. Thomas wrote to Gen. Sherman, "The Roswell factory hands, 400 or 500 hundred in number, have arrived in Marietta. The most of them are women. I can only order them transportation to Nashville where it seems hard to turn them adrift. What had best be done with them?"

Sherman replied, "I have ordered General Webster at Nashville to dispose of them. They will be sent to Indiana."

There was another factory in the town of New Manchester on Sweet Water Creek due west of Atlanta where the women were also transported. But that city was burned to the ground and never rebuilt, so the women never returned and their fates have been lost.

From Marietta, they were loaded into boxcars, given several days' rations, and taken, not knowing where they were going or what their fate was to be, to Louisville, Kentucky, where many were unloaded, while some others were taken across the Ohio River into Indiana.

One woman who worked in the Roswell Mill was transported along with her mother and her grandmother, who were also mill workers. On the journey, her mother and her grandmother both died. The grandmother had been so feeble that she had been transported aboard the steamship to be shipped across the Ohio in a rocking chair.

In the beginning, the women in Kentucky were fed and housed by a Louisville refugee hospital, but then they were left to find living quarters and employment on their own. The ones in Indiana struggled from the beginning, taking whatever work they could find. They were uneducated and knew nothing but mill work, and most who survived eventually found employment in the Kentucky and Indiana mills. There was very little possibility that they would get home, and most were illiterate and could not write to anyone to let them know where they were.

These women were "the enemy," and, especially in Indiana, the towns along the river were overrun. Many of the women died from disease, which reached epidemic proportions, and others of starvation or exposure.

Eventually, not knowing if their husbands were alive or dead, many of the women who survived remarried in the North. In the South, men came home from the war to find their wives and families missing, and presumed them dead, and remarried.

Some few of the women did make it back. One such case was that of Adeline Bagley Buice.. She had been pregnant when she was shipped away, and it took her five years to get back to Roswell with her daughter, only to discover that her husband had given her up for dead and remarried.

It was not until 1998 that the Roswell Mills Camp No. 1547, Sons of the Confederate Veterans,began a project to try to identify the victims and locate their descendants. Intensive advertising and research led to many of the descendants being located, mostly in the North, and most of the mill workers were identified. In 2000, the city of Roswell erected a monument to the women who were exiled from there.

How does one justify making war on women and children? How does one ever justify it?

"War is Hell," Sherman said.

"The women of the south kept the war alive--and it is only by making them suffer that we can subdue the men," said Jeremiah Jenkins, a Union Lt. Colonel.

The sad thing is that the howl of the women, loud as it much have been, resounded for so short of time through the years. How can a lesson be learned, if the stories are not told?

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All About Radiology Certification

A radiologist is someone who uses imaging techniques such as ultrasound, x-ray, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, or nuclear medicine to diagnose or treat ailments of the human body. Becoming a licensed physician with a radiology certification involves intense medical study and training. However, most radiographic exams are actually performed by certified Radiologic Technologists who have an Associate's or Bachelor's Degree along with a radiology certification and license from the state.

In order to obtain a radiology certification, one must be certified and registered by the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists. If one wishes to also be certified in Nuclear Medicine or Ultrasound Technology, there are separate requirements for certification that must be satisfied.

Becoming a certified radiology technician, one must begin by completing a training program from a radiology school with accreditation. Then, one must pass the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists exam and be in compliance with ethics standards. After all of these requirements have been met, the radiologist must apply for registration with the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists. Registration needs to be renewed every year. A radiologist must be both certified and registered in order to work, and there are requirements that must be met each year when registration is renewed.

In order to practice, a radiology technician must also obtain licensing from the state. This is a process completely separate from radiology certification and registration and will have its own application and renewal process.

Radiology certification for licensed physicians is a different process. First, the individual in question must complete medical school and obtain a license to practice medicine. Once this is complete, the applicant must choose an area of specialty from the following list of eight possibilities: Diagnostic radiology, radiologic physics, hospice and pallative medicine radiology, pediatric radiology, interventional radiology, nuclear radiology, neuroradiology, and radiation oncology. Next, the applicant must pass both a written and an oral exam in his or her area of specialty. The certification must be renewed once every ten years.

Radiology certification means different things depending on the type of job to which one is referring. A licensed physician that specializes in radiology obtains a certification in an area of specialty. In this case, the radiologist may diagnose illnesses based on radiology results, or he or she may even perform medical procedures using radiology techniques as a guide. This type of radiology certification requires that an exam be passed and must be renewed once every ten years.

A radiology technician is someone who has only been to school for two to four years and obtains a radiology certification that allows him or her to perform different radiographic tests. In this case, the technician must be registered and certified through the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists, as well as licensed by the state in which he or she wishes to practice. This type of radiology certification must be renewed annually. In addition, the requirements set forth by the state must also be satisfied in order to keep a current license.

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Choosing An Online Interior Design School

In this day and age, people have lots of options with regards to their careers and their education. No longer does one have to be stuck in a dead-end job. Nowadays, people can enroll in distance learning courses to broaden their horizons, whether they are used for their actual careers or for their personal knowledge and satisfaction. For instance, choosing an online interior design school has many benefits. What one learns from these courses can be used to start a whole new career or simply to help their personal lives.

Interior design is something that we use. Unfortunately, most of us are not educated in this field. So, most of us will end up with design disasters, unless we have a natural talent or hire a professional. So, it's a very important part of life. The way we decorate our homes has something to do with who we are as people. It is in essence, a part of our personalities.

Therefore, the more we learn on the subject, the better we can decorate rooms and our entire homes. There are many benefits to this besides the beauty. When people live in homes that are well decorated, they feel better. When one feels better, they function better and they can be much more productive. Homes that are ill decorated can cause stress and discomfort in the people. Often times, this is just a subconscious and people don't realize why it occurs.

So, an online interior design school can increase one's knowledge on how to put a room together so that they are more beautiful and more efficient. At the same time, it makes the creative juices flow and makes for a great hobby as well.

By following such courses, one can easily increase the value of their homes as well. So, if a sale is on the horizon, one can easily get a better price. That's because buyers look for homes to buy that make them feel good. So, if someone walks into a perfectly decorated space, their emotions will guide them to buy your home and not a neighbor's that may not be as inviting.

On the other hand, someone who wants to start a new career can follow these online interior design courses. Within a short time, they can receive certification and start working for themselves. That gives people the freedom to be their own boss and earn as much or as little as they choose to.

The best thing about distance learning is that one can go about it at their own pace. So, even if there are financial responsibilities that one must keep, they can continue to work and study simultaneously.

Also, it's a cost-effective method of gaining an education. One doesn't need to displace oneself, quit work, pay for transportation or anything. It's all done through a computer and the Internet. In fact, most of the educational material is offered in this method as well. And, most of these educational facilities allow for consumers to pay for this education. This makes it a lot easier.

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Literature of the Medieval Period

Literature became popular and primarily emerged in the British Isles during the period between 1066 and 1485, referred to as the medieval period in history. This does not mean that there were no records of writings before. For example, one of the popular literary works that existed before this period is the classic epic named Beowulf. However, a large part of the literary works became popular only during this period.

The setting of these literary works emerged during the medieval period is one of the striking aspects to be discussed about. Many of the classic literary works were set in a background much different from what the writers actually lived in. It kindled a creative realm of fantasy that consisted of perfect beautiful scenic landscapes with pretty damsels and chivalrous knights living in a magical world with special powers. Some of the characters became so popular that they reappeared so long and so frequently to the point that there was a debate on whether they are fictitious or they really existed. One such classic example of this phenomenon is the renowned King Arthur.

This was the time when there were hardly any sanitation laws. The lifestyle and class of living was extremely poor and common people were dying due to several unknown diseases. The sufferers were not only from rural poverty-stricken villages but the elites of the country side too.

People were in search of respite and wanted to forget the real horrors they faced in everyday life. Hence, medieval literature saw many 'Arthurian' based fantasies where people could live in an ideal world at least in their dreams.

Another common aspect of these literary works of the medieval period was the chivalry of the brave nights. In most of the tales, the knights were challenged of their bravery and they go all out to prove their enemies wrong. Chivalry was defined as the power of following one's conscience and defending moral values at all costs. It also means being obedient, trustworthy and loyal in addition to respecting others in spite of the weaknesses. One of the most respected knights of the medieval times is Sir Gawain. Many tales have been woven around this character. Though he has fears like any common man, he is able to go past those and fulfill his promises.

Most of these classic works were first said orally before they were written down. This is because literacy was quite uncommon among people of lower classes and many stories spread far and wide mostly by word of mouth rather than through pen and paper.

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Getting Into CNA Training Classes

Are you a student looking into CNA training classes? There are a variety of methods that will help you find what you are looking for as well as how to find the best option for you. Being a nursing assistant is one of the more rewarding careers especially if you are going to take it as a stepping stone. There are many people who started at the bottom and are now doctors and nurses. There is a lot to consider before you can enroll in classes ad you need to make sure that you can afford your classes, determine if financial aid is going to help you pay, and what college to go to.

Nursing Assistant Decoded

When you become certified, there are a few different options available to you in regards to schooling options as well as job environments. You need to have your license which will be issued by the State Board of Nursing. If not, you are not going to be permitted to work in the field. Much of your shift and time will be working next to either a LPN or a RN. You are going to be working under their constant supervision. You will check in with them as far as what patients you are going to be caring for that day as well as any major changes or treatments that need to be done during your shift. Some of the most common work settings you will be in include:

? In-home care
? Private medical facilities
? Nursing homes
? Assisted living facilities
? Hospitals

While you are going to be trained to deal with patients and in different skills, you never really can master the until you have practived them on a patient. This can be nerve-wracking, but practive makes perfect. Some skills include:

? Helping with personal hygiene
? Oral and mouth care
? Wound care
? Colostomy care
? Catheter care
? Helping with feeding and other ADLs
? Giving out medications
? Getting patients ready for interaction throughout the day

Your CNA training classes are going to better help you learn what to do in various situations, but no matter how much training you have, you are never going to be fully prepared. You are going to learn skills though that can help you make the best out even the most difficult situations.

While in training, you are going to be prepared to pass the exam to become certified. This exam consists of two parts, and in order to work as a CNA and earn your certification, you need to pass both parts. You are going to be registered with the state directory of aides, and therefore you can begin your working career.

The beginning steps of your career in the medical and health field is with CNA training classes. Learn the skills needed to help care for patients, and become a part of an ever-growing field. Nowadays, the economy is basing hiring on individuals who have college degrees or are furthering their education. This is a great step in the right direction, and you can rest assured that you are going to be a part of a rewarding and demanding career.

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Maintenance for Luxury Pens

If you're new to the luxury pens world, you'll quickly learn that these devices need care and maintenance just like other expensive items you own. It may not need as much work as your car, but regular cleanings are still required in order for you to get the most out of your pens. Whether you own Parker fountain pens or Waterman fountain pens, you can apply the following advice to keep your pens working like new.

The best care you can give your luxury pens is to flush out the pen once a month. Although ink is a solution that contains no solids, the dyes and solutes in it can become more solid if not dissolved in water. The ink will eventually become more concentrated and clog the ink fissures. You should also flush out your pen when changing ink. To flush the pen out, simply empty out all the inside parts of the pen and repeatedly fill and empty it with cool water. Afterward, you can make a solution with one part ammonia and two parts water. Fill the pen three or four times with this solution to dissolve any solids that may have accumulated. However, if the pen is far too clogged for flushing, you will have to send it out to be professionally cleaned.

But what about the outside of your pen? You'll want the outside to look just as shiny and new as the first day you purchased it. Cleaning the outside is easy. You can purchase any non-abrasive cleaner and polish. Apply polish and simply buff it with a soft cotton cloth -dry of course. Never use synthetic cloths because these can actually scratch luxury pens.

Now that your pen is clean and clog free, what about storage? When not regularly using pens, you can't just toss them in the desk drawer. The best place to store pens is in a special storage box or cabinet lined with suede or felt. Some velvet is actually made with nylon and can scratch the pen. Therefore, only use velvet if you are absolutely sure it is not made with nylon. Never store a pen in a plastic bag. They can damage the material as well. Always flush your luxury pens out before storage and store them dry. Pens can be stored horizontally or vertically. If your pen cabinet has a glass top, do not store it where there is direct sunlight. Strong ultraviolet rays can ruin them.

Caring for luxury pens isn't too difficult, but it is extremely important if you want to enjoy long use of them. With regular care, you can enjoy your luxury pens for years to come.

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Finding Free CNA Training Online

There are many individuals who are looking for free CNA training classes or courses. There are a few different ways to do this, and you need to first start off by determining what the requirements are in your state. This is because each state requires different things such as CPR certifications and other certificates before being able to work. It's not always possible to find places that offer free training as it does take a few weeks and some places it's a few months. This is especially true if you are in a larger class. It is just not practical to offer it free to everyone. You are going to need to pay instructors, for your books and other fees as well. However, there currently are several ways to get your training covered by organizations and companies.

Nowadays, many people find it hard to come up with the money to become trained as a nursing assistant. There are several places that are willing to work on payment plans and are also able to offer some type of financial aid to students who are qualified.

If you are currently out of work, you may be able to get your education and training covered by certain local organizations and federal organizations. You will additionally be entitled to unemployment compensation at the same time while you are training.

The government, again, may be able to offer you some type of financial aid. There are certain restrictions and guidelines that have to be met if you want to qualify, and you can apply through colleges and other training facilities that offer CNA training classes. For those of you who currently make no more than $25,000 you will find that your education is going to be covered completely. Additionally, for those who have children or who have retired from the military are entitled to having their schooling paid for. Grants are another option you may have as far as getting your education required. Grants are free money and are not something that gets paid back ever.

An additional way, and perhaps one of the most common ways to get free CNA training classes, is to call healthcare facilities such as a hospital or nursing facility where you would like to work. Sometimes they will be able to hire you on as a different position and offer you the training needed.Some will even train you at the same time you are earning your certification. There are some facilities that will require you to work with them for a certain period of time before you can be eligible to become trained and certified, but at least your training has been paid for.

While free CNA training classes can be hard to find, even getting some of the cost covered can help you out. If you are still not able to locate funding options to help you out, maybe consider asking family to each chip in something to help you out. You may end up having to fork out the money yourself, and the best thing to do is to see what the school you are going to be attending can do to help you out.

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Different Nurse Practitioner Programs to Choose From

Taking advanced nurse practitioner programs is one way for a Registered Nurse to make career advancements in the field. These nurse practitioners programs have their own specialization in the industry of patient care. Becoming an NP enables an RN to learn more about her job and excel in her craft. Apart from that, NPs have better benefits and higher salary than other nursing practitioners.

Choosing an NP program requires a person's familiarity on the specialization and dedication on her chosen path. With this come the different nurse practitioner programs an RN can choose from.

Family NP Program

FNPs provide the necessary health care to families in different circumstances. They are responsible for monitoring the patient's condition through physical assessments, documentation of his health history, and referring the situation to the apt health care providers. Students in this program are taught the basic skills in gynecologic, pediatric, obstetric, geriatric, and adult care management. Graduates can take a state certification making them fit to work on hospices, health departments, and other medical and private institutions.

Pediatric NP Program

PNPs concentrate on the health care program for infants, children, and adolescents. Although they can still provide nursing care to the whole family, their expertise is focused on meeting the health demands on the younger members of the family. Being a Pediatric Nurse Practitioner requires a person to be understanding and patient since they are dealing with kids. Effective communication skills are also needed. A graduate of this program is entitled to take the national certification to become a legitimate Nurse Practitioner in Pediatrics. This gives her more job opportunity in the patient care industry.

Psychiatric NP Program

The initial course on this program is teaching the student how to handle themselves before providing health care for patients. By appearing professional, they have this impression of authority on their practice. Psychiatric NPs focus on the mental health of a patient suffering from mental health issues or addictive disorders. They train the nurse on how to apply psychosocial and neurobiological theories on every situation as well all the sound decision on using pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies for mental health care.

Oncology NP Program

This program covers disease management, ethics, and research involving advanced training in cancer care, palliative care, and community health nursing. Students in this program will learn the fundamentals in pathophysiology and epidemiology, as well as clinical pharmacology. Aside from mastering different health issues and policies, they are also taught the genomics of cancer as well as effective cancer care and symptom management.

Still, there are more nurse practitioner programs a nursing professional can pursue. Finding the one that suits their interest is a good start to excel in the craft and be dedicated to the job.

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Buy Cheap Textbooks Online - How to Save Money Buying Used Textbooks

Here are 7 textbook buying tips to save you money every semester:

1. Never buy a new textbook. You can save a $100 per book just by buying a used textbook. If you don't like writing and highlighting in your books, don't worry! Every website that sells used textbooks has a description of the condition of the book. You can find used textbooks without writing or highlights. I promise!

2. Don't buy your textbook until after the first day of class. This simple rule can save you money because there have been several times where my instructor told us we only need one specific book for our class instead of the 2 or 3 that were recommended.

3. Buy textbooks online. Never buy textbooks from your college bookstore. They are over priced and mostly consist of new textbooks. There are several price comparison websites that will search 30 or more online bookstores (such as Amazon, Barnes & Noble, Chegg, etc.) in a matter of seconds. You will get price quotes for your textbook ranked from lowest to highest prices. Most of these sites will include prices for new textbooks, used textbooks, rentals, etextbooks and international editions. And shipping rates are very affordable, sometimes free.

4. Use coupon codes. When you use a price comparison website and you find the book you want to purchase, use Google and type in a query for the store and a coupon code. For example, if you found a textbook on Barnes & Noble that you want to purchase, go to Google and type in "barnes & noble coupon code 2011." You will be amazed at how valid coupon codes you can find using this method. And how much money you can save.

5. Rent textbooks. Many students are now renting textbooks. You simply pay a rental fee to have the textbook for a certain time frame and return the book when you're done. Usually, the company even pays for shipping the book back.

6. Buy international editions. This can save you a ton of money by buying an international edition of a textbook. Normally, these textbooks are exact copies of the U.S. versions except they will have a different cover. Sometimes, they will use the metric system over our system of measurements. But for most subjects this doesn't matter.

7. Repeat the above tips at the beginning of every semester. You can save $1,000s in four years by applying these steps.

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Walking The Path To Becoming A Certified Nursing Assistant

Being a certified nursing assistant (CNA) gives one the opportunity to help others and getting a good pay for doing so. It is quicker to be a certified nursing assistant than to become any one of those in the other fields in the nursing profession, which means it costs much less to finish. CNAs are in demand these days because of the many varied tasks they can do in the hospital and other medical establishments.

The job of CNAs covers mostly the basic tasks in the hospital and other health care facilities and depends on the state where the facility is located. But in general, CNAs assist registered nurses in the daily routine in the hospital and other health care agencies. Their main task is to check patients' vital signs, bathing them and feeding them. In most occasions, CNAs provide the very important moral and emotional support to patients.

The training to be a certified nursing assistant usually takes three months. Usually it covers 50 hours of classroom sessions and 100 hours of on-field practical work. The classroom sessions are about theories, while the on-field training is a hands-on application of those theories. The Red Cross is one excellent institution to have the on-field practicum because of its reputable standing and its presence worldwide.

Trainings and More Intensive Exams

There are examinations at the end of the training sessions. The exams are divided into theory and practice. The exams are aimed to prepare the student for the more intensive certification exams that allows him to practice the profession. The CNA job is highly competitive and students are advised to be well-versed in the field in order to acquire an accreditation and land a job

Becoming a NCA also opens to other doors of opportunities in the health care profession. Because CNAs work directly under the supervision of registered nurses and physicians, they are more prepared and better trained to go into other in-depth fields. CNAs will find it easier to move up in the profession and become registered nurses or physicians themselves.

How Much Does It Cost

CNA training costs not more than $1,000 in most schools. Depending on the school, a student can pay in full or on installment basis. Those who may not have the money may avail of some scholarships offered by the school. Many students acquire their CNA training in return for being a working student.

Others finish their training by working as staff in a hospital or clinic, which in turn will pay the school for the training. The hospital or clinic reserves the right to hire the student after the training. This way, a certified nursing assistant wouldn't only get his training for free, but he is also assured of employment upon graduation.

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Creative Studying Techniques Increase Grades and Interest: 4 - Playing Games to Enhance Learning

I) Play games to enhance learning.

A) Create games that assist memorization or comprehension.

1) Play concentration with special flash cards.
Make a set of flash cards that have word and definition or further information on separate cards. Then mix up all of the pairs of cards, turn them upside down in a neat pattern on a table or floor. Take turns turning over the cards 2 at a time trying to find 2 cards that go together. When you find a pair, you keep them. Try discussing with a partner why something is or isn't a match as you turn over cards.

2) Substitute new questions or cards in old games like Sorry or Monopoly.
a) Make a set of cards that uses questions from a handout or your textbook in a game where you turn over a card every turn.

b) Make a set of cards that simply has numbers on it that can correspond to questions on a handout or in the book. It is okay to repeat the numbers so the same question can be answered multiple times to assist retention. This set of cards could be used over and over with different chapters and games.

c) Substitute the number cards (see above) for rolling a dice. Answer the questions and you get to go forward a certain number of spaces.

d) Re-name the properties on Monopoly making sure to group similar things into a monopoly. You could also consider the relative value or cost of the things in the groups as to which Monopoly to name. In other words, choose a low value category for Mediterranean and Baltic (the cheapest properties) and a high value category for Boardwalk and Park Place (the most expensive properties).

3) Search the internet for relevant games and activities.
There are many games available to assist learning a topic. If you find games aimed at younger students than yourself, give them a try anyway. You'll soon see if it has any value.

4) Play Categories.
This is a game I made up when I was a teacher. The game works with 2 people, but is better with 3 or 4 people to play.

a) The first person writes down 2 things that are related to each other. 1 of the items should be from within the field / class / vocabulary list you are studying. State the category the 2 create, i.e. what they have in common.

b) The next player must either add another item to that list that fits the same category, or think of a new category that encompasses all or all but one of the items from the previous list. That player will then state the new category.

c) Repeat step b.

d) Make sure that some of the time (you can set rules around this if you like) you are including words from within the field / class / vocabulary list you are studying. You don't really want all of the words to be relevant to your class because making connections between disparate items will help you learn with interest, remember the connections, and be more interested.

e) If you want to keep score, you can assign one point for successfully adding to an existing category and two points for starting a new category.

5) Play a brainstorming game.
With a study partner or alone, consider a topic and as fast as you can, write down all of the things that come to mind when you think of the topic. Set a timer for 1 minute and see how large a list you create. It doesn't matter if what you think of is scholarly or relevant. Just write it down. Then discuss the connections. This may sound simple or even silly, but again, making connections between ideas or objects within a field of learning, between fields of learning or even between totally unrelated ideas or objects makes you consider your field of study differently, more creatively and more powerfully.

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